Shanghai is the biggest key city of economic centre and an important industrial base in China, and is also one of cities with rather higher densities of both the population and energy consumption. Shanghai has an area of 6,340.5 km2, and its inhabitants amounted to 1.464 million till 1988 with a population density of 3,854 people per km2 in the urban area. The city's GDP reached 368.82 billion yuan RMB and total industrial output value did 589.734 billion yuan in 1998 whilst energy consumption totalled to 48.74 million tonnes of standardised coal, in which coal accounted for 70% of primary energy consumption and crude oil has for the rest. In light of the populous density, huge size of industry system, higher consumption of primary energy dominated by coal and progressive increase in motor vehicles in Shanghai, the tasks for prevention of air pollution will be quite arduous
1 Major Measures for Development of Energy to Coordinate with Environment
Environmental protection has always been regarded as a higher priority by the municipal government. The strategy of sustainable development has been put into practice under no circumstances to develop economy at cost of sacrificing the environment. A series of effective measures have been taken to improve the ecological environment of Shanghai. A set of Largescale projects for environmental protection has been implemented such as Stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ of Sewerage Project, Natural Gas Introduction Project etc. Meanwhile, strategic readjustment of industrial spatial layout and structures of industries and products has been implemented with nearly one thousand polluting enterprises moved from city proper to outer industrial zones. Some heavily polluted areas have been rehabilitated. In addition, investment on the environmental protection has been increased from 0.85% of GDP in 1991 to 2.8% in 1998 with total expenditure of 39.4 billion yuan RMB since 1990. In virtue of all those measures, a trend of environmental deterioration in Shanghai has been effectively curbed. The emission loading of major pollutants in Shanghai has been reduced whilst its economy remaining a twodigit number percentage growth for seven consecutive years. Environmental quality in the urban areas has generally been maintaining stable whilst in some areas improved.
As a metropolis with rather concentrated energy consumption, the fairly higher emission of CO2 is mainly caused by fairly higher energy consumption, in particular, dominated by coal in the primary energy. Recently, by means of control over the total energy consumption and readjustment of the industrial sectoral structure as well as constituent of energy resources, the urban ambient air quality has been kept under effective control whilst an effort is being made in the direction of reducing CO2 emission.
1.1 Control of Population Growth and Reduction of Energy Consumption
Since the 1970s, a family planning programme has been widely exercised that has effectively controlled the population increment in Shanghai. Since 1993, the natural population growth rate in Shanghai has shown negative and it was -1.8‰ in 1998. Slowing down the population increase has greatly been relieving the pressures on environmental and energy demand.
1.2 Readjustment of Industrial Layout and Realising Minimisation of Energy Allocation Irrational Industrial spatial layout is one of the major factors causing ambient air pollution in Shanghai. Since the 1990s, the readjustment of industrial layout has been implemented in Shanghai to actively promote enterprises to concentrate toward industrial zones, which tend to be featured with sound ecological environment and minimised energy consumption. A unified and optimised management on energy and environment in the industrial zones will be realised through district heating and cogenerating of power and heat. In particular, some industrial zones such as Jinqiao, Zhangjiang, Caohe Jing, Qingpu and Songjiang have set about prestage preparations for implementing projects of district heating/cooling nowadays.1.3 Readjustment of Sectoral Structure of Industries and Reduction in Unit Energy Consumption Rate Whilst actively readjusting industrial structure, a stress has also been laid on the strategic readjustment of industrial sectors adhering to a development policy according to the prioritization of tertiary, secondary and primary industries.
A number of pillar and hitech sectors with lower energy consumption and favourite profit have been fostered whilst some sectors with higher energy consumption, heavier pollution loading and lower attached value have been phased out. It has made a drop of the unit energy consumption rate progressively. In 1998, energy consumption rate per 10,000 yuan was 1.42 tonnes of standardised coal, only about 31% of that in 1989. Based on a comparable price, CO2 emission rate per 10,000 yuan GDP in 1998 was 3.39 tonnes, 1.33 tonnes less than that in 1989, though that is still behind advanced countries.
1.4 Strengthening Energy Management, Saving Energy and Enhancing Energy Utilisation Factor In order to slow down the increasing of CO2 emission and control the air pollution, regular meetings on saving and comprehensive utilisation of resources are held every year by the municipal government. On the meetings, goals and measures are to be determined and yearly tasks are to be assigned. In addition, 《Shanghai Energy Saving Regulation》, and 《Shanghai Guidelines for Certification of Power Generation in Comprehensive Use of Resources by Enterprises》 have been promulgated. Since the 1990s, 1,248 national and local energy saving projects with total investment of 880 million yuan RMB have been undertaken. The accomplishment of some key technological renovation and demonstrative projects for energy saving has economised 482,000 tonnes of standardised coal annually whilst reducing CO2 emission of about 1 million tonnes per year. In 1998, an energy saving supervision agency namely Shanghai Energy Saving Inspection Centre, the first one of its kind in China, was established in Shanghai to take the inspection of energy saving practice in the city.
1.5 Exploring Novel and Renewable Energy Resources
This year, natural gas from the East China Sea, which has become a new kind of town gas for domestic use, has been introduced in the Pudong New Area. Up to 1998, over 20,000 household biogas tanks, in which more than 300 ones are in large or medium size, have been set up in rural areas to benefit over 13,000 households. Thus, about 4,400 tonnes of CO2 emission can be eliminated annually. The use of water heaters by solar energy has amounted to 14,000 in number in Shanghai. In addition, a World Bank funded project of wind power units with total capacity of 20 MW in Chongming and Nanhui Counties is under construction.
1.6 Enhancing Greening
For recent years, owing to an enhancement on greening construction, the total green space in Shanghai has increased from 5,227 ha in 1990 to 8,855 ha at present, and the per capita public green space and greenery coverage have increased from 1.02m2 and 12.4% in 1990 to 2.96m2 and 19.1% at present respectively. Thus, about 1.30 million tonnes of CO2 emission can been reduced annually.
Though great efforts have been made in improving the ambient air quality in Shanghai and some indications have revealed their effectiveness, it must be recognised in sober senses that there are still many issues faced by Shanghai in energy use and environmental protection. Those issues are:
less variety of energy resources and higher proportion of the coal consumption;
scattered coal burning accounting for 31% of the whole coal consumption, in which 75% are used by industrial boilers;
converting factor of the secondary energy processing to be enhanced as this factor has been kept at levels between 73%～74% with a converting loss in secondary energy processing about 25% of the whole energy consumption;
energy consumption rate per unit GDP to be further cut down.
Therefore, the tasks for the development of energy to be coordinated with the environment are still quite arduous.
2 Targets and Tasks for Sustainable Development of Energy with Environment in Shanghai
According to the principles of:constituent readjustment of energy resources to be incorporated with environmental protection. constituent readjustment of energy resources to be incorporated with industrial structure readjustment; and energy exploitation to be compatible with its rational use, Shanghai will further:optimise constituent of energy resources, strengthen integrated energy planing and management, develop and use advanced energy saving technologies, promote rational utilisation of energy resources, and explore novel and renewable energy resources. In the result, the coordinated development of energy resources with economy and environment could be expected.
2.1 Further Optimising Constituent of Energy Resources and Improving Energy Utilisation To control total energy consumption and to optimise constituent of energy resources By 2005, the annual total consumption of coal will be limited below 50 million tonnes, and by 2010 it will be kept between 48 to 50 million tonnes. Coal will constitute less than 55% in the primary energy.
To control total capacity of coalburning power plants in urban area and to realise power supply from multiple sources It is planned that the total capacity of coalburning generators in Shanghai will be no more than 12,000 MW, and meanwhile, oil and gas generators will be used in some extent. In addition, except those planned power plants that have got approved, none of newly proposed coalburning ones would be allowed in Shanghai. Instead, through the introduction of power from Qinshan Nuclear Power Station and from Three Gorges Project, the situation of coalburning power generation in Shanghai will progressively be replaced by imported electricity.
To promote cleaner energies and to explore sources and uses of natural gas Based on the popularisaion of domestic town gas use in Shanghai, uses of the natural gas will be progressively expanded. By 2002, annual supply of the natural gas will reach 1.2 million m3/day, and thus, 300,000 inhabitants and all installations within the service area in Pudong New Area will be supplied with the cleaner energy whilst over 200,000 m3/day will be conveyed to Puxi area. In this case, more enterprises and inhabitants will enjoy the cleaner energy.
To further eliminate scattered coalburning practice Cleaner energy replacement for coalburning stoves/furnaces will be speeded. By 2000,none of newly proposed coalburning stoves/furnaces in the urban area will be allowed, meanwhile the supervision of the existing ones is to be strengthened and more stiff penalty is to be imposed upon the incompliant emission. 1,299 coal burning stoves/furnaces below a capacity of 1 t/hr within the Inner Ring Road will be replaced by gasburning or other cleaner energies. By 2002, the cleaner energy alternatives will be accomplished for such kind of stoves/furnaces in the established areas, in the meantime, a 100 km2 area in which there is basically no coalburning practice will be established in the urban area.
To actively explore cleaning technologies for coal burning Some advanced treatment technologies will be applied to the existing coalburning boilers so as to reduce the pollutant emission. Meanwhile, developing some cleaning technologies for coal burning, slowing down the increasing trend of CO2 emission, and use of desulphrisation technology for power plant will be widely promoted.
To rationally exploit renewable energy resources Wind power demonstrative sites will be set up on some coastal counties such as Chongming and Nanhui. Biogenerating power plant will be developed. Several advanced large and medium sized biogas projects will be implemented, and water heaters and power generation by solar energy are to be promoted.
To further drop energy consumption rate per unit GDP It is aiming that by 2005, energy consumption rate per unit GDP will reduce 4～5 per cent, and the energy elastic coefficient will be lower than 0.5. By 2010, the energy utilisation factor in Shanghai will approach an advanced level in the world.
2.2 Strengthening of Integrated Planning and Management on Energy Resources To strengthen allocation and utilisation planning of energy resources Based on the study and analysis of international energy development trend, the master plan of environment and energy development of Shanghai will cover the utilisation of energy resources home and abroad. Taking economic development and improvement of inhabitants' living standard as the fundamental objectives, the overall planning of energy use and environmental protection should be enhanced so as to achieve a coordinated development of energy resources with the environment.
To improve management system on energy saving To set up and perfect the framework of policies and regulations on energy management, the energy generation, transport, processing and utilisation will be covered as a whole. In addition, acoordination of integrated development planning among energy, environmental, andeconomic fields should be enhanced, and the capability building on energy planning and management should be carried out. Meanwhile, an energy & environment information system will be established in Shanghai. For enterprises, energy management and inspection on energy consumption rate for unit product need to be stressed, and a determining system for energy utilisation factor of major consumers will be set up.
To issue preferential policies Some preferential policies should be announced to speed up the technology renovation of energy saving. Some favoured conditions should be provided to the development and promotion of advanced energy savingtechnologies, such as technology renovation of energy saving on industrial boilers/ovens, improvement of energy utilisation factor at terminals, and some projects with significant energy saving effectiveness. Cogeneration of heat and power will be encouraged, particularly in those areas with steady heat load and over 4,000 hours of heat using within a year. For power industry, incentive instrument such as increasing price gap between crest and trough hours can be adopted to adjust the peak demand. For gas supply industry, different prices can be exercised for different seasons to encourage the use of gasgenerating airconditioners.
To foster a market for energy resources Based on the market driven mechanism, management on energy resources should be improved to guide the development of public utilities sector. The development of enterprises should adopt a concept of sustainable development. Meanwhile, supervision and management on the coal and oil market should be strengthened to ensure a steady energy supply in Shanghai.
2.3 Speeding up City's Greening
According to the principle of "co existence of city and nature", Shanghai will further make effort in greening construction to form a metropolitan greening system characterised by combination of 2-D and 3-D greening patterns with green corridors, bigsized green spaces and manmade forest in the rural area. It is planned that by 2000, 19 large green spaces in the city proper and more than 1,330 ha of manmade forest in the suburb will be set up to raise the per capita public green space up to 4 m2 and the greenery coverage up to over 21%. By the year of 2002, 23 large green spaces in total area of 530 ha in the city proper and 2,660 ha of manmade in the suburb will come into being. Thus, per capita public green space will reach 6 m2 and greenery coverage will be up to over 25%. 3 Enhancing International Cooperation and Exchange
Shanghai keeps a very close relationship with China Committee of International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED) since its foundation in 1992.Mr. Qu Geping, vice chairman of CCICED, and Dr. Schneider and Mr. Wu Baozhong from Pollution Control Panel of the Committee, have paid several visits to Shanghai for exchange of the ideas on environmental protection in Shanghai and the international trends. Experts of Shanghai have also actively participated in the workshops and exchange activities organised by the Committee. Recently, the exchange pertinent to energy and environment has become more frequent. The Pollution Control Panel of CCICED organised a very successful seminar on the subject of CO2 emission reduction held in Shanghai. Nowadays, two collaborative projects namely "Study on Planning of Coordinated Development of Energy Resources with Environment of Shanghai" and "Study on Energy Alternatives and Health Effects of Shanghai" are undergoing. It is aimed to, through the cooperation of domestic and expatriate specialists, further promoting the sustainable developmentof energy with environment in Shanghai fully based on the localised situation. Those two projects proceed very well with some phased findings have been achieved.
The cooperation with CCICED has promoted the mutual understanding, in particular, to let CCICED learn the situation of Shanghai, and to let Shanghai acquire the
State of the art techniques and experiences in the field of environmental protection. It has enhanced the strength to carry forward the sustainable development in Shanghai and trained a number of personnel engaged in research. It is expected that such kind of cooperation can be further strengthened and going on.
In the course of striding toward the new century, to build up an ecological cityas a longterm development target on the basis of sustainable development, Shanghai will follow the approach to adhering to coordinated development of socio-economy with environment, and is aiming to becoming a metropolis with sound environment, i.e., blue sky, green land, clean water and good dwelling environment.
We are concerned with the city where we live, and also the globe we share.
